Evaluación de la experiencia de telemedicina en consulta de Cirugía de cabeza y cuello en un centro de referencia en Manizales / Evaluation of telemedicine experience in head and neck surgery consultation in a referral center in Manizales

Introducción. La infección por COVID-19 afectó drásticamente la atención en salud a nivel mundial, generando retos para la atención primaria. En orden de mitigar y manejar el contagio, la telemedicina se convirtió en una modalidad emergente y efectiva en varias especialidades médicas, incluida la cirugía de cabeza y cuello. Métodos. Estudio de corte transversal con análisis retrospectivo de pacientes atendidos en la consulta virtual durante 18 meses. Se estimaron frecuencias absolutas y relativas, y bivariado con regresión logística binaria. Se incluyeron las variables de diagnóstico primario, poder resolutivo de la consulta, necesidad de cita presencial, plataforma y dificultades de la misma. Resultados. Se incluyeron 2485 pacientes provenientes de 11 departamentos. La patología tiroidea fue la más frecuente (62,9 %), seguida de la aerodigestiva (10,9 %). La consulta fue eficiente en el 99 % de los casos, con una capacidad resolutiva del 96,4 %. El 1,4 % tuvo dificultades en la plataforma y el 8,3 % de los pacientes requirió cita presencial. Cuando hubo dificultad para la revisión de exámenes o una inadecuada inspección funcional, fue 30 veces más probable no poder resolver eficientemente la consulta. Conclusión. La telemedicina provee una alternativa eficiente de atención en cirugía de cabeza y cuello, especialmente en los controles de patología tiroidea, evitando desplazamientos innecesarios. En el tracto aerodigestivo, donde el examen físico es primordial, su utilidad está limitada a la posibilidad de realizar un examen endoscópico posterior que permita una adecuada estadificación y facilite la valoración presencial.

Introduction. The COVID-19 infection drastically affected health care worldwide, creating challenges for primary care. In order to mitigate and manage infection, telemedicine has become an emerging and effective modality in several medical specialties, including head and neck surgery. Methods. Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of patients seen in virtual consultation over 18 months. Absolute and relative frequencies were estimated, univariate analysis was done with chi-square, and bivariate analysis with binary logistic regression. Variables such as primary diagnosis, the resolution power of the consultation, the need for an in-person appointment, the platform, and its difficulties were included. Results. 2485 patients from 11 departments were included. Thyroid pathology was the most frequent (62.9%), followed by aerodigestive tract pathology (10.8%). The consultation was efficient in 99% of cases, with a resolution capacity of 96.4%. 1.4% had difficulties on the platform and 8.3% of patients required an in-person. When there was difficulty in reviewing exams or an inadequate functional inspection, it was 30 times more likely to not be able to efficiently be resolved. Conclusion. Telemedicine provides an efficient alternative for care in head and neck surgery, especially in thyroid pathology controls, avoiding unnecessary travel. In the aerodigestive tract, where the physical examination is essential, its usefulness is limited to the possibility of performing a subsequent endoscopic examination that allows adequate staging and facilitates in-person assessment.

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules (THYCOVID): a retrospective, international, multicentre, cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Since its outbreak in early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has diverted resources from non-urgent and elective procedures, leading to diagnosis and treatment delays, with an increased number of neoplasms at advanced stages worldwide. The aims of this study were to quantify the reduction in surgical activity for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the COVID-19 pandemic; and to evaluate whether delays in surgery led to an increased occurrence of aggressive tumours. METHODS: In this retrospective, international, cross-sectional study, centres were invited to participate in June 22, 2022; each centre joining the study was asked to provide data from medical records on all surgical thyroidectomies consecutively performed from Jan 1, 2019, to Dec 31, 2021. Patients with indeterminate thyroid nodules were divided into three groups according to when they underwent surgery: from Jan 1, 2019, to Feb 29, 2020 (global prepandemic phase), from March 1, 2020, to May 31, 2021 (pandemic escalation phase), and from June 1 to Dec 31, 2021 (pandemic decrease phase). The main outcomes were, for each phase, the number of surgeries for indeterminate thyroid nodules, and in patients with a postoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancers, the occurrence of tumours larger than 10 mm, extrathyroidal extension, lymph node metastases, vascular invasion, distant metastases, and tumours at high risk of structural disease recurrence. Univariate analysis was used to compare the probability of aggressive thyroid features between the first and third study phases. The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05178186. FINDINGS: Data from 157 centres (n=49 countries) on 87 467 patients who underwent surgery for benign and malignant thyroid disease were collected, of whom 22 974 patients (18 052 [78·6%] female patients and 4922 [21·4%] male patients) received surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules. We observed a significant reduction in surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the pandemic escalation phase (median monthly surgeries per centre, 1·4 [IQR 0·6-3·4]) compared with the prepandemic phase (2·0 [0·9-3·7]; p<0·0001) and pandemic decrease phase (2·3 [1·0-5·0]; p<0·0001). Compared with the prepandemic phase, in the pandemic decrease phase we observed an increased occurrence of thyroid tumours larger than 10 mm (2554 [69·0%] of 3704 vs 1515 [71·5%] of 2119; OR 1·1 [95% CI 1·0-1·3]; p=0·042), lymph node metastases (343 [9·3%] vs 264 [12·5%]; OR 1·4 [1·2-1·7]; p=0·0001), and tumours at high risk of structural disease recurrence (203 [5·7%] of 3584 vs 155 [7·7%] of 2006; OR 1·4 [1·1-1·7]; p=0·0039). INTERPRETATION: Our study suggests that the reduction in surgical activity for indeterminate thyroid nodules during the COVID-19 pandemic period could have led to an increased occurrence of aggressive thyroid tumours. However, other compelling hypotheses, including increased selection of patients with aggressive malignancies during this period, should be considered. We suggest that surgery for indeterminate thyroid nodules should no longer be postponed even in future instances of pandemic escalation. FUNDING: None.

Experiencia con paratiroidectomía quirúrgica en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica e hiperparatiroidismo terciario / Experience with surgical parathyroidectomy in patients with chronic kidney disease and tertiary hyperparathyroidism

Resumen Introducción: el hiperparatiroidismo terciario es la consecuencia final de las alteraciones del metabolismo calcio-fósforo en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica. Aquellos pacientes que no logran controlarlo con el tratamiento médico, requieren paratiroidectomía. Objetivo: describir la evolución clínica y paraclínica en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica y diagnóstico de hiperparatiroidismo terciario, que fueron llevados a paratiroidectomía. Metodología: estudio prospectivo, que incluyó pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo terciario llevados a paratiroidectomía entre los años 2006 y 2015. Se realizaron estudios bioquímicos pre y post quirúrgicos y se evaluó la presencia y progresión de síntomas. Resultados: se incluyeron 32 pacientes, 68.8% mujeres, con media de edad de 46.2 años. Se identificaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el cambio en los valores de calcio, fósforo y PTH pre y post quirúrgicos. El 81.5% de los pacientes reportaron presencia de síntomas. El 34.6, 26.9, y 23% presentaron mejoría total de dolor óseo, dolor articular y prurito, respectivamente. El 28% presentaron hipocalcemia sintomática post operatoria. No hubo casos de muerte durante el seguimiento. Conclusiones: la paratiroidectomía se constituye en un alternativa segura y confiable para los pacientes con hiperparatiroidismo terciario, mejorando significativamente los síntomas y las alteraciones en el metabolismo óseo y mineral. Vigilar los niveles de calcio en el post operatorio es importante para evitar las complicaciones del síndrome de hueso hambriento.

Abstract Introduction: tertiary hyperparathyroidism is the final consequence of alterations in calcium-phosphorus metabolism in patients with chronic kidney disease. Those patients who fail to control it with medical treatment require parathyroidectomy. Objective: go describe the clinical and paraclinical evolution in patients with chronic kidney disease and diagnosis of tertiary hyperparathyroidism, who underwent parathyroidectomy. Methodology: prospective study, which included patients with tertiary hyperparathyroidism taken to parathyroidectomy between 2006 and 2015. Pre and post-surgical biochemical studies were performed and the presence and progression of symptoms was evaluated. Results: 32 patients were included. 68.8 (%) were women with an average age of 46.2 years. Statistically significant differences were identified in the change in calcium, phosphorus and PTH values before and after surgery. 81.5% of patients reported the presence of symptoms. 34.6, 26.9, and 23% presented total improvement of bone pain, joint pain and pruritus, respectively. 28% presented postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia. There were no deaths during follow-up. Conclusions: parathyroidectomy is a safe and reliable alternative for patients with tertiary hyper-parathyroidism, significantly improving symptoms and alterations in bone and mineral metabolism. Monitoring calcium levels in the postoperative period is important to avoid the complications of the hungry bone syndrome.

Quality of life in patients with larynx cancer in Latin America: Comparison between laryngectomy and organ preservation protocols.

The effect on quality of life (QOL) of laryngectomy and organ preservation protocols is important in decision making. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate QOL outcomes of patients with advanced laryngeal tumors who were treated with laryngectomy or organ preservation protocols in Latin America. A total of 35 patients from three oncology units were enrolled. Patients with stage III/IV laryngeal cancer who were treated using organ preservation protocols or laryngectomy were assessed with the University of Washington QOL Questionnaire. The most important domains that affected QOL for both groups were speech and activity. In the laryngectomy group, the next most important domains were appearance, taste, pain, and recreation, whereas in the organ preservation group, they were saliva, recreation, mood, and swallowing. There were no statistically or clinically significant differences in the global score or the 7 days of QOL assessments before patients were interviewed. Global QOL assessments were similar when comparing laryngectomy and organ preservation protocols.

Genotipificación, niveles de expresión y estado físico del virus del papiloma humano en pacientes colombianos con cáncer de células escamosas en la cavidad oral / Genotyping, levels of expression and physical status of human papilloma virus in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma among Colombian patients

Introducción. Uno de los factores de riesgo del carcinoma de células escamosas en la cavidad oral es la infección por el virus del papiloma humano (HPV), cuyas prevalencias dependen de la región geográfica. Objetivo. Identificar los tipos del virus del papiloma humano más frecuentes en el cáncer de la cavidad bucal, sus niveles de expresión y el estado físico del genoma viral. Materiales y métodos. Se seleccionaron 46 pacientes que asistían a los servicios de cirugía de cabeza y cuello en Bogotá, Manizales y Bucaramanga. El examen histopatológico de las muestras incluidas en el estudio demostró la presencia de carcinoma de células escamosas en la cavidad oral en todas ellas. Se extrajo el ADN para genotipificar el virus y determinar el estado físico de su genoma, y el ARN para determinar los transcritos virales mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real. Resultados. La prevalencia del virus del papiloma humano en los tumores fue de 21,74% (n=10) y el tipo viral más frecuente fue el HPV-16 (nueve casos). La expresión viral del HPV-16 fue baja (una de 11 copias) y el estado físico predominante fue el mixto (ocho casos), con prevalencia de la disrupción en el sitio de unión de E1 y E2 (2525 a 3720 nucleótidos). Conclusión. En los pacientes con carcinoma de cavidad oral incluidos en este trabajo, la frecuencia del virus del papiloma humano fue relativamente baja (21,7 %) y el tipo viral más frecuente fue el HPV-16, el cual se encontró en forma mixta y con baja expresión de E7 , lo cual puede ser indicativo de un mal pronóstico para el paciente.

Introduction: One of the risk factors for squamous cell oropharyngeal carcinoma is infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV), with prevalences that vary depending on the geographical region. Objective: To identify the most frequent HPV viral types in oropharyngeal cancer, the levels of expression and the physical condition of the viral genome. Materials and methods: Forty-six patients were included in the study from among those attending head and neck surgical services in the cities of Bogotá, Manizales and Bucaramanga. In the histopathological report all study samples were characterized as oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. DNA extraction was subsequently performed for HPV genotyping and to determine the physical state of the viral genome, as well as RNA to determine viral transcripts using real-time PCR. Results: HPV prevalence in tumors was 21.74% (n=10) and the most common viral type was HPV-16 (nine cases). Viral expression for HPV-16 was low (one of 11 copies) and the predominant physical state of the virus was mixed (eight cases), with disruption observed at the E1 - E2 binding site (2525 - 3720 nucleotides). Conclusion: The prevalence of HPV associated with oropharyngeal carcinoma among the Colombian study population was 21.7%, which is relatively low. The most frequent viral type was HPV-16, found in a mixed form and with low expression of E7 , possibly indicating a poor prognosis for these patients.

Carcinoma papilar primario en el quiste tirogloso. Serie de casos y revisión de la literatura / Primary papillary carcinoma in thyroglossal cysts. Case reports and literature review

El quiste del conducto tirogloso se puede manifestar excepcionalmente como un carcinoma primario. Se presenta una serie de 6 casos de pacientes adultos que consultaron por masa suprahiodea o paralaríngea asintomática de larga evolución. Las imágenes mostraron una masa heterogénea con extensión a tejidos blandos. La biopsia aspirativa de la lesión no contribuyó al diagnóstico. En todos los casos se realizó cirugía de Sistrunk, en 3 casos combinada con tiroidectomía total y en uno, con vaciamiento. El curso posquirúrgico fue favorable. No requirieron tratamiento adicional y no presentaron recurrencias. El manejo es controvertido debido a los pocos casos reportados. Se han propuesto algunas clasificaciones basadas en el tamaño y la extensión para definir el tratamiento quirúrgico (AU)

The thyroglossal cyst can exceptionally appear as a primary cyst carcinoma. We discuss a series of 6 adult patients, assessed for long-lasting asymptomatic suprahyoid or lateral-to-larynx mass. The images showed a heterogeneous mass invading adjacent soft tissues. Fine needle aspiration biopsy did not contribute to diagnosis. We performed a Sistrunk procedure in all cases, 3 combined with total thyroidectomy and 1 with neck dissection. The postoperative course was favourable. No additional treatment was required, without evidence of recurrence in follow-up. The management is controversial due to the limited number of cases reported. Some classifications based on size and extent have been proposed to define the surgical treatment of such cysts (AU)

Laryngeal examination in thyroid and parathyroid surgery: An American Head and Neck Society consensus statement: AHNS Consensus Statement.

This American Head and Neck Society (AHNS) consensus statement discusses the techniques of laryngeal examination for patients undergoing thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. It is intended to help guide all clinicians who diagnose or manage adult patients with thyroid disease for whom surgery is indicated, contemplated, or has been performed. This consensus statement concludes that flexible transnasal laryngoscopy is the optimal laryngeal examination technique, with other techniques including laryngeal ultrasound and stroboscopy being useful in selected scenarios. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 811-819, 2016.

Psychometric Validation of the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Head and Neck Module in the Spanish Language.

CONTEXT: The assessment of cancer-related symptoms requires culturally adapted and psychometrically validated symptom assessment tools. The M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory-Head and Neck Module (MDASI-HN) is a useful instrument for measuring symptom burden that was specifically developed for head and neck cancer patients. OBJECTIVES: To validate the Spanish version of the MDASI-HN. METHODS: We evaluated the psychometric features of the MDASI-HN in patients with head and neck cancer. We evaluated the item-scale correlations and the internal consistency. We conducted principal axis factoring to identify the underlying dimensions as a measure of construct validity. The convergence/concurrent validity was assessed with the University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire for Head and Neck Patients, and known-group validity and test-retest reliability also were assessed. RESULTS: One hundred thirty patients were included. The mean ± SD age was 60.5 ± 13.6 years; 68% of patients were male, 42% had laryngeal tumors, and 45.9% had Stage III tumors. Forty-seven percent of the patients underwent surgery, 55% underwent radiotherapy, and 36% underwent chemotherapy. The global Cronbach alpha for the HN module was 0.81. The factor analysis identified two factors (Factor 1: speech, mucus, coughing, and constipation; Factor 2: teeth, taste, sores, swallowing, and skin). The correlation with the global score of the University of Washington Quality of Life was -0.68. The difference in the MDASI-HN scores according to Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was statistically significant (2.72 vs. 4.01, P = 0.006). The intraclass test-retest correlation was 0.62. CONCLUSION: The Spanish version of the MDASI-HN is reliable and valid for evaluating cancer-related symptoms in head and neck cancer patients.

Primary papillary carcinoma in thyroglossal cysts. Case reports and literature review.

The thyroglossal cyst can exceptionally appear as a primary cyst carcinoma. We discuss a series of 6 adult patients, assessed for long-lasting asymptomatic suprahyoid or lateral-to-larynx mass. The images showed a heterogeneous mass invading adjacent soft tissues. Fine needle aspiration biopsy did not contribute to diagnosis. We performed a Sistrunk procedure in all cases, 3 combined with total thyroidectomy and 1 with neck dissection. The postoperative course was favourable. No additional treatment was required, without evidence of recurrence in follow-up. The management is controversial due to the limited number of cases reported. Some classifications based on size and extent have been proposed to define the surgical treatment of such cysts.

Genotyping, levels of expression and physical status of human papilloma virus in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma among Colombian patients.

INTRODUCTION: One of the risk factors for squamous cell oropharyngeal carcinoma is infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV), with prevalences that vary depending on the geographical region.  OBJECTIVE: To identify the most frequent HPV viral types in oropharyngeal cancer, the levels of expression and the physical condition of the viral genome.  MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-six patients were included in the study from among those attending head and neck surgical services in the cities of Bogotá, Manizales and Bucaramanga. In the histopathological report all study samples were characterized as oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. DNA extraction was subsequently performed for HPV genotyping and to determine the physical state of the viral genome, as well as RNA to determine viral transcripts using real-time PCR.  RESULTS: HPV prevalence in tumors was 21.74% (n=10) and the most common viral type was HPV-16 (nine cases). Viral expression for HPV-16 was low (one of 11 copies) and the predominant physical state of the virus was mixed (eight cases), with disruption observed at the E1 - E2 binding site (2525 - 3720 nucleotides).  CONCLUSION: The prevalence of HPV associated with oropharyngeal carcinoma among the Colombian study population was 21.7%, which is relatively low. The most frequent viral type was HPV-16, found in a mixed form and with low expression of E7, possibly indicating a poor prognosis for these patients.

Anatomía quirúrgica cervical de importancia en cirugía tiroidea / Surgical anatomy of the neck of importance in thyroid gland surgery

La anatomía quirúrgica es la parte de las ciencias básicas que es aplicada por los cirujanos en el desarrollo de los procedimientos quirúrgicos. La anatomía quirúrgica hace énfasis en las áreas corporales con una visión tridimensional de sus estructuras y en las relaciones entre estructuras. El cuello es el sitio con mayor densidad de órganos y tejidos por área corporal. La cirugía de cuello se ha considerado de alta complejidad y en ella el conocimiento profundo de la anatomía permite un adecuado tratamiento con reducción de las complicaciones y las secuelas. El objetivo de esta revisión es ofrecer una aproximación general a los puntos más relevantes que deben considerarse en la cirugía de tiroides.

Surgical anatomy is the field of basic science that is applied by surgeons in the performance of surgical procedures. Surgical anatomy emphasizes the body areas with a three dimension approach and the relationship among the structures. The neck is the site with the highest density or organs and tissues by body area. Neck surgery has been considered as of high complexity and thus a profound knowledge of the anatomy allows for better treatment with consequent reduction in complications and sequelae. The aim of this review is to offer an approach to the more relevant issues that should be considered in the practice of thyroid surgery.

Criterios ecográficos diagnósticos de neoplasia maligna en el nódulo tiroideo: correlación con la punción por aspiración con aguja fina y la anatomía patológica / Ultrasound diagnostic criteria of malignancy in a thyroid nodule: correlation with fine needle aspiration and pathology

Introducción. La ecografía de tiroides ha mejorado la certeza diagnóstica para neoplasia maligna del nódulo tiroideo. Es importante definir qué nódulos requieren biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina (BACAF) para disminuir el costo de un procedimiento innecesario y evitar que pase inadvertido el diagnóstico de neoplasia maligna. Objetivo. Validar los criterios ecográficos de neoplasia maligna que indican la punción por aspiración con aguja fina de tiroides. Materiales y métodos. Se diseñó un estudio prospectivo a tres años para evaluar la concordancia entre los hallazgos ecográficos y la punción por aspiración con aguja fina de tiroides comparada con el estudio final de histopatología. Se evaluó la sensibilidad, la especificidad, el valor diagnóstico positivo y negativo, la concordancia medida por el coeficiente kappa y el coeficiente de correlación. Resultados. Se estudiaron 1.467 pacientes, 10,2 % hombres y 89,8 % mujeres, con edades entre los 10 y los 95 años; el tamaño promedio del nódulo fue de 16 mm. Un total de 623 requirieron tiroidectomía; al resto se les hizo seguimiento por ecografía. Se presentaron 269 carcinomas papilares, 14 foliculares, 4 indiferenciados, 159 bocios, 74 adenomas y 101 tiroiditis. Se obtuvo sensibilidad de 86,4 %, especificidad de 89,4 %, valor diagnóstico de un resultado positivo de 87,5 % y uno negativo de 84,1 %. Los hallazgos ecográficos relacionados con cáncer fueron: hipoecogenicidad, microcalcificaciones, papilas y flujo intranodular. Individualmente, la concordancia fue baja, pero con la combinación de hipoecogenicidad, microcalcificaciones y papilas fue media y, con la adición de aumento del flujo intranodular, resultó alta. Conclusiones. La combinación de hipoecogenicidad, microcalcificaciones, papilas y alto flujo intranodular tiene alta concordancia con neoplasia maligna; sin embargo, cada criterio por separado no la tiene, y no pueden usarse individualmente para predecir o descartar neoplasia maligna.

Introduction. Thyroid ultrasound has improved the diagnostic accuracy in the diagnosis of malignant neoplasia in thyroid nodules. It is important to define which nodules require fine needle aspiration so as to diminish the costs of unnecessary procedures and at the same time avoid unnoticed malignancy. Objective. To validate the echographic criteria of malignant neoplasia that validate fine needle aspiration of the thyroid nodule. Material and methods. Three-year prospective study to assess correlation between the ultrasound findings and fine needle aspiration with pathology findings, including sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and concordance measured by Kappa coefficient, and correlation coefficient. Results. The study included 1,467 patients, 10,2% males and 89,8% females, with ages ranging from 10 years to 95 years; average size of the nodule was 16 mm; 623 patients required thyroidectomy, while the remainder were followed by ultrasound. There were 269 papillary carcinomas, 14 follicular carcinomas, 4 anaplastic carcinomas, 159 goiters, 74 adenomas, and 101 thyroiditis. Sensibility was 86,4%, specificity was 89,4%, positive predictive value 87,5%, and negative predictive value 84,1%. Ultrasound findings related with cancer were hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, papillae, and intranodal flow; when adding intranodal flow, concordance was high. Conclusions. The combination of hypoechogenicity, microcalcifications, papillae and high intranodal flow exhibit high concordance with malignancy; however, echographic criteria considered individually does not, and those individual criteria cannot be used to predict or rule out malignant neoplasia.

Consenso médico de biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina de tiroides. reporte de citología tiroidea basado en el sistema de bethesda / Medical consensus of fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the thyroid. bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology

En este artículo se presenta un consenso médico basado en el sistema de Bethesda del Instituto Nacionalde Cáncer (Estados Unidos) para el uso de la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina en el manejo de nódulos tiroideos, realizado en conjunto con patólogos, radiólogos, endocrinólogos y otras especialidades médicas de Colombia, España, Chile, Venezuela, Estados Unidos y Panamá. En este trabajo se describen las indicaciones de la biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina de tiroides, requisitos previos, entrenamiento, acreditación, técnicas, terminología diagnóstica, pruebas complementarias y opciones de tratamiento. El objetivo del actual artículo es presentar ante la comunidad médica la clasificación de los reportes citológicos, el reporte de ecografía que propone usar el sistema de datos y el reporte de imágenes tiroideas (TIRADS, del inglés The Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System), el uso de la medición de tiroglobulina en biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina y técnicas de citología líquida;...

This article presents a medical consensus based on the Bethesda system of the National Cancer Institute (USA) for the use of fine needle aspiration biopsy in the management of thyroid nodules. This consensus was performed in conjunction with pathologists, radiologists, endocrinologists, and other medical specialties of Colombia, Spain, Chile, Venezuela, United States, and Panama. In this work was described the indications for fine needle aspiration biopsy of thyroid, prerequisites, training, accreditation, techniques, diagnostic terminology, additional tests and treatment options. The aim of this article is present to the medical community the classification of cytological report, ultrasound report using the data system, and the thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS); as well as, the use of thyroglobulin measurement in fine needle aspiration biopsy, and liquid-based cytology techniques...

Estudio descriptivo de doce años de cáncer de tiroides, Manizales, Colombia / Descriptive study of thyroid cancer in a twelve year period at Manizales, Colombia

Introducción: Dado el aumento en la incidencia de cáncer de tiroides, es importante conocer nuestra experiencia y compararla con otros grupos, para así ajustar nuestras guías de manejo buscando optimizar los resultados en términos de supervivencia, recurrencia y morbilidad. Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio observacional descriptivo y retrospectivo, durante un periodo de 12 años, en pacientes atendidos con cáncer de tiroides por el Grupo de Cirugía de Cabeza y Cuello.Se evaluaron la distribución de frecuencias absolutas, relativas y las razones y medidas de dispersión y de tendencia central. Para el análisis de supervivencia se uso el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados. Se encontraron 544 pacientes elegibles para el estudio, 84% mujeres y 16% hombres, con una media de edad de 46 años. La distribución por tipo de cáncer fue: carcinoma papilar (87%), folicular (7,7%), anaplásico (3,5%) y medular (1,3%). El tratamiento primordial fue tiroidectomía total con vaciamiento. La supervivencia global para los cánceres diferenciados fue de 92% a 10 años, de 70% a 5 años para el medular y ninguna a 5 años para el anaplásico. La recurrencia en los tumores bien diferenciados fue de 8%. La morbilidad por lesión del nervio recurrente fue de 0,9% y el hipoparatirodismo definitivo, de 1,1% Discusión. Al comparar nuestra experiencia con la de otros grupos, encontramos que la tiroidectomía total y el vaciamiento central o modificado y la resección laríngea o traqueal, según el caso, fue un tratamiento seguro con baja morbilidad lo que permite mantener la curación con buena calidad de vida.

Introduction: Given the high and increasing incidence of thyroid cancer in our region, it appears of importance to evaluate our experience and compare it with that of other groups in order to adjust our management guidelines and to optimize results in terms of survival, recurrence and morbidity. Materials and Methods . This is a descriptive and retrospective study on the patients managed by the Head and Neck Surgery Group of the Department of Surgery of Universidad de Caldas (Manizales, Colombia) over a period of twelve years. We analyzed the categorical variables with absolute and relative frequencies and the quantitative variables with measure of dispersion and central tendency. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for analysis of survival. Results . There were 544 eligible patients for this study, 84% female, 16% male, with a medium age of 46 years. Distribution by type was as follows: papillary carcinoma 87%, follicular 7.7%, anaplasic 3.5%, and medullary 1.3%. Primary form of treatment was total thyroidectomy with nodal dissection with or without iodine ablation, and radiotherapy in some patients. Ten year survival in differentiated carcinomas was 92%, 70% five year survival in medullary carcinoma, with no survival in anaplasic carcinomas. Recurrence in the well differentiated cancers was 8%. Morbidity related with recurrent nerve damage was 0.9% and with permanent hipoparathyroidsm was 1.1% Conclusion. Surgical intervention is the primary modality of treatment in thyroid cancer. Comparing our experience with that of other authors, we found that total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection and modified neck dissection or larynx or tracheal resection in selected cases, are secure and effective procedures, associated with low morbidity, survival free of disease and good quality of life. A multidisciplinary team was a bastion in the management of thyroid cancer management, and this approach has allowed us to treat even complex cases with results similar to those reported by others.

Carcinoma mucoepidermoide de parotida en poblacion pediatrica. Reporte de un caso y revision de la literatura / Mucoepidermoide carcinoma in Child. Report one case and revisal of literature

El cáncer de glándulas salivares mayores es una patología poco frecuente en la población infantil, siendo el tipo más frecuente el carcinoma mucoepidermoide usualmente de bajo grado de malignidad. Dada su baja presentación, el manejo usualmente se ha extrapolado al de la población adulta. Se presenta el caso de un paciente de dos años de edad con carcinoma mucoepidermoide de alto grado de malignidad, con compromiso del espacio parafaríngeo, manejado por el grupo de cirugía de cabeza y cuello del Hospital y Universidad de Caldas. Se realiza tratamiento quirúrgico con parotidectomía total, preservación del nervio facial faringectomía lateral y vaciamiento radical modificado de cuello. El postoperatorio evoluciona satisfactoriamente, desarrolla fístula faríngea que es manejada con nutrición enteral hasta su cierre. Se realiza radioterapia postoperatoria, con buena evolución